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The profile is guided between bending-roll and supporting-roll(s), while being pushed through the tools. The position of the forming-roll defines the bending radius. The bending point is the tangent-point between tube and bending-roll. To change the bending plane, the pusher rotates the tube around its longitudinal axis.
Simple beam bending is often analyzed with the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. The conditions for using simple bending theory are: [4] The beam is subject to pure bending. This means that the shear force is zero, and that no torsional or axial loads are present. The material is isotropic (or orthotropic) and homogeneous.
Bending A chimney starter, a sample product of bending. Bending is a manufacturing process that produces a V-shape, U-shape, or channel shape along a straight axis in ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal. [1] Commonly used equipment include box and pan brakes, brake presses, and other specialized machine presses.
Pure bending occurs only under a constant bending moment (M) since the shear force (V), which is equal to , has to be equal to zero. In reality, a state of pure bending does not practically exist, because such a state needs an absolutely weightless member. The state of pure bending is an approximation made to derive formulas.
The following assumptions are made while deriving Euler's formula: [3] The material of the column is homogeneous and isotropic. The compressive load on the column is axial only. The column is free from initial stress. The weight of the column is neglected. The column is initially straight (no eccentricity of the axial load).
In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
Forming processes tend to be categorised by differences in effective stresses. These categories and descriptions are highly simplified, since the stresses operating at a local level in any given process are very complex and may involve many varieties of stresses operating simultaneously, or it may involve stresses which change over the course of the operation.
This results in a constant bending moment between the two supports. Consequently, a shear-free zone is created, where the specimen is subjected only to bending. This has the advantage that no additional shear force acts on the specimen, unlike in the 3-point bending test. [6] The bending modulus for a flat specimen is calculated as follows:
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