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In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the Aufbau principle (/ ˈ aʊ f b aʊ /, from German: Aufbauprinzip, lit. 'building-up principle'), also called the Aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s ...
The aufbau principle (from the German Aufbau, "building up, construction") was an important part of Bohr's original concept of electron configuration. It may be stated as: [ 13 ] a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of increasing orbital energy: the lowest-energy subshells are filled before electrons are placed in ...
As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2 , written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2 , but whose actual configuration given ...
Example mechanical drawing. Here is an example of an engineering drawing (an isometric view of the same object is shown above). The different line types are colored for clarity. Black = object line and hatching; Red = hidden line; Blue = center line of piece or opening; Magenta = phantom line or cutting plane line
For example, connectedness of zones might be enforced, or concurrency of curves or multiple points might be banned, as might tangential intersection of curves. In the adjacent diagram, examples of small Venn diagrams are transformed into Euler diagrams by sequences of transformations; some of the intermediate diagrams have concurrency of curves.
The qualitative approach of MO analysis uses a molecular orbital diagram to visualize bonding interactions in a molecule. In this type of diagram, the molecular orbitals are represented by horizontal lines; the higher a line the higher the energy of the orbital, and degenerate orbitals are placed on the same level with a space between them.
First-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they land. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right. What is seen will be drawn to the right of the front side. Third-angle is drawing the object sides based on where they are. Example, looking at the front side, rotate the object 90 degrees to the right.
Drawing an elliptic arc with the circle tool. Now we require a mouth for our smiley face. We can achieve this using the circle tool again, draw a circle about half the radius of the face's circle. Now with the circle tool selected click and drag the round handle.