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Among the forces that govern drop formation: cohesion, surface tension, Van der Waals force, Plateau–Rayleigh instability. Water, for example, is strongly cohesive as each molecule may make four hydrogen bonds to other water molecules in a tetrahedral configuration. This results in a relatively strong Coulomb force between molecules. In ...
[33] [34] The equation is based on two premises: first, that fluids are composed of particles with non-zero volumes, and second, that at a large enough distance each particle exerts an attractive force on all other particles in its vicinity. Boltzmann called these forces van der Waals cohesive forces. [35]
The attraction between the layers of the fluid is the result of cohesive forces, and viscosity is the property that explains the nature and strength of cohesive forces within a fluid. It is common to experience the fact that the flowing fluid will exert a certain amount of force on the plate, trying to pull it in its flow direction.
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van der Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules. Unlike ionic or covalent bonds , these attractions do not result from a chemical electronic bond ; [ 2 ] they are comparatively weak and therefore more susceptible to disturbance.
The contact angle is determined by the balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. As the tendency of a drop to spread out over a flat, solid surface increases, the contact angle decreases. Thus, the contact angle provides an inverse measure of wettability. [7] [8]
It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid. [citation needed]
There is also a small additional attractive force from van der Waals interactions which contributes only around 1–2% of the cohesive energy for small ions. [19] When a pair of ions comes close enough for their outer electron shells (most simple ions have closed shells ) to overlap, a short-ranged repulsive force occurs, [ 20 ] due to the ...
Since the force is perpendicular to the surface and acts towards the centre of the curvature, a liquid will rise when the surface is concave and depress when convex. [12] This was a mathematical explanation of the work published by James Jurin in 1719, [ 13 ] where he quantified a relationship between the maximum height taken by a liquid in a ...