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Excavation may be classified by type of material: [1]: 13.1 Topsoil excavation; Earth excavation; Rock excavation; Muck excavation – this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil; Unclassified excavation – this is any combination of material types; Excavation may be classified by the purpose: [1]: 13.1, 13.2
An embankment is a raised wall, bank or mound made of earth or stones, that are used to hold back water or carry a roadway. A road , railway line , or canal is normally raised onto an embankment made of compacted soil (typically clay or rock-based) to avoid a change in level required by the terrain , the alternatives being either to have an ...
Cuts are typically used in road, rail, and canal construction to reduce a route's length and grade. Cut and fill construction uses the spoils from cuts to fill in defiles to create straight routes at steady grades cost-effectively. Cuts are used as alternatives to indirect routes, embankments, or viaducts.
The panels are thus tied into the earth embankment to make a stable structure with balanced stresses. [82] Although construction using the basic principles of MSE has a long history, MSE was developed in its current form in the 1960s. The reinforcing elements used can vary but include steel and geosynthetics.
A mass haul diagram where land and rock cuts are hauled to fills Fill construction in 1909 Cut & Fill Software showing cut areas highlighted in red and fill areas shaded in blue. In earthmoving , cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway , road or canal whereby the amount of material from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill ...
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
Sometimes steel grids or meshes are also used as reinforcement. Several types of geosynthetics can be used including geogrids and geotextiles. The reinforcing geosynthetics can be made of high-density polyethylene, polyester, and polypropylene. These materials may be ribbed and are available in various sizes and strengths. [8]
Method of slices. Slope stability analysis is a static or dynamic, analytical or empirical method to evaluate the stability of slopes of soil- and rock-fill dams, embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and rock.