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Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area. While the area around modern-day Edinburgh has been inhabited for thousands of years, [1] the history of Edinburgh as a definite settlement can be traced to the early Middle Ages when a hillfort was established in the area, most likely on the Castle Rock.
The Old Town (Scots: Auld Toun) is the name popularly given to the oldest part of Scotland's capital city of Edinburgh. The area has preserved much of its medieval street plan and many Reformation-era buildings. Together with the 18th/19th-century New Town, and West End, it forms part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site. [1]
1791: A census puts the population of the city at 82,706 with 29,718 in the City of Edinburgh (22,512 in the Old Town and 7,206 in the New Town), 6,200 in Canongate Parish, 32,947 in St Cuthbert's Parish, 11,432 in South Leith Parish and 2,409 in North Leith Parish; Robert Burns visits the city for the second and last time
The Old Tolbooth was an important municipal building in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, for more than 400 years.The medieval structure, which was located at the northwest corner of St Giles' Cathedral and was attached to the west end of the Luckenbooths on the High Street in the Old Town, was first established in the 14th century by royal charter.
Foralsmykle as we ar informit be oure well belovettis the Provest and Communite of Edynburgh, yat yai dreid the evil and skath of oure enemies of England, we have in favour of yame, and for the zele and affectioune that we have to the Provest and Communite of oure said Burgh, and for the comoune profit, grauntit to thaim full licence and leiff to fosse, bulwark, wall, toure, turate, and uther ...
In the High Middle Ages new sources of education arose, with song and grammar schools. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church and were most common in the developing burghs. By the end of the Middle Ages grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns.
The National Museum incorporates the collections of the former National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. As well as the national collections of Scottish archaeological finds and medieval objects, the museum contains artefacts from around the world, encompassing geology, archaeology, natural history, science, technology, art, and world cultures.
Old Town Conservation Area Character Appraisal, Edinburgh City Council, n.d. Richard Fawcett, Scottish Architecture: From the Accession of the Stewarts to the Reformation, 1371-1560, Edinburgh University Press, 1994; Richard Fawcett, Scottish Medieval Churches: Architecture & Furnishings, The History Press, 2002