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  2. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2, written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d 5 4s 1.

  3. CPK coloring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPK_coloring

    In 1865, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, in a talk at the Royal Institution in London, was using models made from croquet balls to illustrate valence, so he used the coloured balls available to him. (At the time, croquet was the most popular sport in England, so the balls were plentiful.) "On the Combining Power of Atoms", Chemical News, 12 (1865 ...

  4. Aluminium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium

    Aluminium (or aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air.

  5. Electron shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell

    In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a model of the atom, giving the arrangement of electrons in their sequential orbits. At that time, Bohr allowed the capacity of the inner orbit of the atom to increase to eight electrons as the atoms got larger, and "in the scheme given below the number of electrons in this [outer] ring is arbitrary put equal to the normal valency of the corresponding element".

  6. Aluminium(I) oxide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide

    Aluminium(I) oxide is a compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al 2 O. It can be prepared by heating the stable oxide Al 2 O 3 with elemental silicon at 1800 °C under vacuum .

  7. van der Waals surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_surface

    Methane, CH 4, space-filling, van der Waals-based representation, carbon (C ) in black, hydrogen (H) in white.In chemistry, a space-filling model is a type of three-dimensional (3D) molecular model where the atoms are represented by spheres whose radii are, either as van der Waals radii or otherwise, proportional to the radii of the atoms.

  8. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    For instance, copper metal is poorly described by either an [Ar] 3d 10 4s 1 or an [Ar] 3d 9 4s 2 configuration, but is rather well described as a 90% contribution of the first and a 10% contribution of the second. Indeed, visible light is already enough to excite electrons in most transition metals, and they often continuously "flow" through ...

  9. Molecular model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

    The construction of physical models is often a creative act, and many bespoke examples have been carefully created in the workshops of science departments. There is a very wide range of approaches to physical modeling, including ball-and-stick models available for purchase commercially, to molecular models created using 3D printers. The main ...

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