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Assessment of the urinary tract for abnormalities such as blockage or narrowing, the presence of kidney stones, or tumours. [2] Use of duplex ultrasound to determine if there is backward flow of urine, for example in vesicoureteric reflux. Determination of how much urine is in the bladder, for example to assess for urinary retention.
The Mitrofanoff procedure is sometimes performed along with bladder neck closure, [16] but Duckett advised against the closure of the bladder neck. [14] Today, the Mitrofanoff procedure can be performed robotically or using laparoscopic techniques and it paved the way for the creation of other urinary conduits using fallopian tubes, ureters ...
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis.
Post-void residual volume: Most tests begin with the insertion of a urinary catheter/transducer following complete bladder emptying by the patient. The urine volume is measured (this shows how efficiently the bladder empties). High volumes (180 ml) may be associated with urinary tract infections. [5]
A high osmolar contrast agent such as diatrizoate or a low osmolar contrast agent such as Iotalamic acid with a concentration of 150 mg per ml is used for the procedure. [2] [1] The urinary bladder is catheterised under aseptic technique. The contrast medium is slowly injected or dripped in.
Endourology is the branch of urology that deals with the closed manipulation of the urinary tract. [19] It has lately grown to include all minimally invasive urologic surgical procedures. As opposed to open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract.
Medical ultrasound includes diagnostic techniques (mainly imaging techniques) using ultrasound, as well as therapeutic applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound.