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Tacrolimus, sold under the brand name Prograf among others, is an immunosuppressive drug. After allogenic organ transplant, the risk of organ rejection is moderate. To lower the risk of organ rejection, tacrolimus is given. The drug can also be sold as a topical medication in the treatment of T cell-mediated diseases such as eczema and psoriasis.
The drug also inhibits lymphokine production and interleukin release, leading to a reduced function of effector T-cells. Ciclosporin is used in the treatment of acute rejection reactions, but has been increasingly substituted with newer, and less nephrotoxic, [7] immunosuppressants.
Chronic superficial keratitis (CSK), also known as pannus or Uberreiter's disease, is an inflammatory condition of the cornea in dogs, particularly seen in the German Shepherd. Both eyes are usually affected. The corneas gradually become pigmented and infiltrated by blood vessels, and the dog may eventually become blind.
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication. It is taken orally or intravenously for rheumatoid arthritis , psoriasis , Crohn's disease , nephrotic syndrome , eczema , and in organ transplants to prevent rejection .
Tacrolimus has been found to reduce episodes of organ rejection over a related treatment, the drug ciclosporin, which binds cyclophilin. [4] [5] Both the FKBP-tacrolimus complex and the cyclosporin-cyclophilin complex inhibit a phosphatase called calcineurin, thus blocking signal transduction in the T-lymphocyte transduction pathway. [6]
Formulation of the drug for inhalation purposes has proved challenging because of ciclosporin's poor aqueous solubility. [5] Consequently, aerosol studies have often employed compatible solvents such as propylene glycol [6] or ethanol [7] as the vehicle for administration by nebulizer or have used more complicated aqueous-based formulations involving liposomes [8] [9] or other dispersions. [10]
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