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Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin.
Hyperpigmentation can be diffuse or focal, affecting such areas as the face and the back of the hands. Melanin is produced by melanocytes at the lower layer of the epidermis . Melanin is a class of pigment responsible for producing color in the body in places such as the eyes, skin, and hair.
Hyperpigmentation results from an increase in melanin synthesis, which is mostly brought on by sun exposure, dermatological disorders, hormones, aging, genetic factors, skin injuries or inflammation, and acne. Sun exposure, which greatly increases the synthesis of melanin, is the most common cause of hyperpigmentation.
"Hyperpigmentation just means darkening of the skin," says Dr. Dowling. "So basically, 'hyperpigmentation' is an umbrella term for lots of different conditions that cause hyperpigmentation ...
Illustration of a melanocyte Micrograph of melanocytes in the epidermis. Through a process called melanogenesis, melanocytes produce melanin, which is a pigment found in the skin, eyes, hair, nasal cavity, and inner ear.
Azelaic acid is used for treatment of skin pigmentation, including melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, particularly in those with darker skin types. It has been recommended as an alternative to hydroquinone. [25] As a tyrosinase inhibitor, [5] azelaic acid reduces synthesis of melanin. [26]
For discoloration on the body, such as dark spots following bacne or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation from a mosquito bite, this exfoliating body serum, which has 4.5-star average rating from ...
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...