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For most people, recommendations are to reduce blood pressure to less than or equal to somewhere between 140/90 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg. [2] In general, for people with elevated blood pressure, attempting to achieve lower levels of blood pressure than the recommended 140/90 mmHg will create more harm than benefits, [3] in particular for older people. [4]
A diagram explaining factors affecting arterial pressure. Pathophysiology is a study which explains the function of the body as it relates to diseases and conditions. The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure.
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is known as pulse pressure, [1] while the average pressure during a cardiac cycle is known as mean arterial pressure. [2] Blood pressure is one of the vital signs—together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature—that healthcare professionals use ...
[18] [19] [20] High blood pressure affects 33% of the population globally. [9] About half of all people with high blood pressure do not know that they have it. [9] In 2019, high blood pressure was believed to have been a factor in 19% of all deaths (10.4 million globally). [9] Video summary
Allostasis occurs at the cellular and systems levels. When humans are chronically stressed, the brain chronically raises blood pressure; then arterial muscles predict higher pressure and respond with hypertrophy (like skeletal muscles when we lift weights). Gradually the whole cardiovascular system adapts to life at an elevated pressure level.
The health care provider usually takes 2–3 readings at several medical appointments to diagnose high blood pressure. [40] Using the results of the blood pressure test, the health care provider will diagnose prehypertension or high blood pressure if: For an adult, systolic or diastolic readings are consistently higher than 120/80 mmHg.
This means testing for elevated cholesterol and other fats in the blood, diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure), and encouraging smoking cessation and weight optimization. The calcium channel blocker nifedipine prolongs cardiovascular event- and procedure-free survival in patients with coronary artery disease. New overt heart failures ...
The presence of high blood pressure in diabetes is associated with a 4 fold increase in death chiefly from heart disease and strokes. [89] It has also been shown in recent epidemiological studies that variability of blood pressure, independent of mean blood pressure level, contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications [90] in ...