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  2. Euler angles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles

    In the proper Euler angles case it was defined as the intersection between two homologous Cartesian planes (parallel when Euler angles are zero; e.g. xy and XY). In the Tait–Bryan angles case, it is defined as the intersection of two non-homologous planes (perpendicular when Euler angles are zero; e.g. xy and YZ).

  3. Rotation formalisms in three dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in...

    This is also true for representations based on sequences of three Euler angles (see below). If the rotation angle θ is zero, the axis is not uniquely defined. Combining two successive rotations, each represented by an Euler axis and angle, is not straightforward, and in fact does not satisfy the law of vector addition, which shows that finite ...

  4. Hyperbolic triangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_triangle

    Such a pair of sides may also be said to form an angle of zero. A triangle with a zero angle is impossible in Euclidean geometry for straight sides lying on distinct lines. However, such zero angles are possible with tangent circles. A triangle with one ideal vertex is called an omega triangle. Special Triangles with ideal vertices are:

  5. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    Even with these restrictions, if the polar angle (inclination) is 0° or 180°—elevation is −90° or +90°—then the azimuth angle is arbitrary; and if r is zero, both azimuth and polar angles are arbitrary. To define the coordinates as unique, the user can assert the convention that (in these cases) the arbitrary coordinates are set to zero.

  6. Conversion between quaternions and Euler angles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_between...

    Tait–Bryan angles. z-y′-x″ sequence (intrinsic rotations; N coincides with y’). The angle rotation sequence is ψ, θ, φ. Note that in this case ψ > 90° and θ is a negative angle. Similarly for Euler angles, we use the Tait Bryan angles (in terms of flight dynamics): Heading – : rotation about the Z-axis

  7. Axis–angle representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis–angle_representation

    The angle θ and axis unit vector e define a rotation, concisely represented by the rotation vector θe.. In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector e indicating the direction of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation θ describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the ...

  8. Spacecraft flight dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_flight_dynamics

    At the moment of liftoff, when angle and velocity are both zero, the theta-dot equation is mathematically indeterminate and cannot be evaluated until velocity becomes non-zero shortly after liftoff. But notice at this condition, the only force which can cause the vehicle to pitch over is the engine thrust acting at a non-zero angle of attack ...

  9. Theorema Egregium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorema_egregium

    The Mercator projection preserves angles but fails to preserve area, hence the massive distortion of Antarctica. Gauss's Theorema Egregium (Latin for "Remarkable Theorem") is a major result of differential geometry , proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1827, that concerns the curvature of surfaces.