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The frost line—also known as frost depth or freezing depth—is most commonly the depth to which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze. The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources.
Permafrost temperature profile. Permafrost occupies the middle zone, with the active layer above it, while geothermal activity keeps the lowest layer above freezing. The vertical 0 °C or 32 °F line denotes the average annual temperature that is crucial for the upper and lower limit of the permafrost zone, while the red lines represent seasonal temperature changes and seasonal temperature ...
The term frost front refers to the varying position of the thaw line during the periods of freezing/thawing. The knowledge of the thaw depth is important for the two major reasons: its influence on the ecology and on construction ( buildings , pipelines , roads , etc.).
The term itself is borrowed from the notion of "frost line" in soil science, which describes the maximum depth from the surface that groundwater can freeze. Each volatile substance has its own frost line (e.g. carbon monoxide, [ 1 ] nitrogen , [ 2 ] and argon [ 3 ] ), so it is important to always specify which material's frost line is referred ...
During the Last Glacial Maximum, much of the world was cold, dry, and inhospitable, with frequent storms and a dust-laden atmosphere. The dustiness of the atmosphere is a prominent feature in ice cores; dust levels were as much as 20 to 25 times greater than they are in the present.
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As of early 2020s, there is still net mass gain over the EAIS (due to increased precipitation freezing on top of the ice sheet), yet the ice loss from the WAIS glaciers such as Thwaites and Pine Island Glacier is far greater. By 2100, net ice loss from Antarctica alone would add around 11 cm (5 in) to the global sea level rise.