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Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin (rather than the skin of other animals), [1] or simply by being of a higher quality. [2] Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices (books).
Typically parchment made from calfskin is called vellum, though the term can also be used to refer to very fine quality parchment made from the skins of other animals. For the purposes of conservation and restoration, the term parchment is used in reference to vellum objects, as the terms have been used interchangeably throughout time to refer ...
There were three main materials used for the pages of books in this time period: papyrus, parchment or vellum, and paper (Alexander 35). Papyrus was the primary writing material of the ancient world, and was created by beating stalks of the papyrus reed together until the fibers in the plant formed a tight, almost woven structure.
Central European (Northern) type of finished parchment made of goatskin stretched on a wooden frame Parchment with a quill and ink. Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia.
It was formerly used for binding pieces of wood together. Today it is mostly found in drum skins. Tanning of hides to manufacture leather was invented during the Paleolithic. Parchment for use in writing was introduced during the Bronze Age and later refined into vellum, before paper became commonplace. [citation needed]
The codex form of the book—that is, folding a scroll into pages, which made reading and handling the document much easier—appears during the Roman period. Stemming from a passage in Suetonius' Divus Julius (56.6), legend has it that Julius Caesar was the first to fold scrolls, concertina-fashion, for dispatches to his forces campaigning in ...
Our Torah scroll, even though it is not made in accordance with the halakha, since it is written upon klaf called [in Arabic] req (= parchment), which is neither treated with [barley]-flour nor tanned with tannins, they (i.e. the Jewish community at large) have already relied upon its use owing to the extenuating circumstances, for 'it is a ...
Today this process is called deinking. 19th-century advances in papermaking Although cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp .