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William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 6, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Hundreds of years later, the descendants of African diaspora struggle to process any form of trauma, which typically results in delayed progress in emotional development. Professor William E. Cross Jr. included a theory of Nigrescence in his groundbreaking book Shades of Black: Diversity in African American Identity , which was published in 1991.
The White racial identity attitude scale was developed by African American Psychologists, Janet Helms and Robert Carter in 1990. It was designed and consists of 50 items to help understand the attitudes reflecting the five-status model of the White racial identity development (contact, disintegration, reintegration/pseudo independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy). [5]
This model offers an alternative identity development process compared to the minority identity development models widely used in the student affairs profession. [20] However, it does not accurately address how societal racism affects the development process of people of color [ 20 ] and suggests that there is only one healthy identity outcome ...
Social/personality models for ethnic identity, unlike the more known Phinney's model for ethnic identity development derived from Erickson's model of personality development, focus less so on the development stages of ERI and more so on their content -what it means to the person and its impact on said person (concepts typically more explored in ...
Na'im Akbar is a clinical psychologist well known for his Afrocentric approach to psychology. He is a distinguished scholar, public speaker, and author. [1] Akbar entered the world of Black psychology in the 1960s, as the Black Power Movement was gaining momentum. [2]
His research focuses on the importance of racial identity. Most specifically, Sellers focuses on the identity of African Americans, regarding a variety of domains, such as mental health and discrimination. In 2023, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. [2]
Private regard, identity protection and perceived racism among African American males. Journal of African American Studies, 12(2), 142–155. SmithâBynum, M. A., Burton, E. T., & Best, C. (2007). Racism experiences and psychological functioning in African American college freshmen: Is racial socialization a buffer?