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Merle Fainsod estimated that, in 1952, collective farm earnings were only one-fourth of the cash income from private plots on Soviet collective farms. [54] In many cases, the immediate effect of collectivization was the reduction of output and the cutting of the number of livestock in half.
[b] These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdom and aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming. Initially, a collective farm resembled an updated version of the ...
Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". [1] There are two broad types of communal farms: agricultural cooperatives , in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a collective ; and state farms, which are owned and ...
These collective farms allowed for faster mechanization, and indeed, this period saw widespread use of farming machinery for the first time in many parts of the USSR, and a rapid recovery of agricultural outputs, which had been damaged by the Russian Civil War. Both grain production, and the number of farm animals rose above pre-civil war ...
Cover of the Soviet magazine Kolhospnytsia Ukrayiny ("Collective Farm Woman of Ukraine"), December 1932. Approaches to changing from individual farming to a collective type of agricultural production had existed since 1917, but for various reasons (lack of agricultural equipment, agronomy resources, etc.) were not implemented widely until 1925, when there was a more intensive effort by the ...
In 1990, the Soviet Union had 23,500 sovkhozy, or 45% of the total number of large-scale collective and state farms. The average size of a sovkhoz was 15,300 hectares (153 km 2), nearly three times the average kolkhoz (5,900 hectares or 59 km 2 in 1990). [3] Sovkhoz farms were more dominant in the Central Asian part of the Soviet Union.
The Law of Spikelets or Law of Three Spikelets (Russian: Закон о трёх колосках, Закон о пяти колосках, Закон семь-восемь) was a decree in the Soviet Union to protect state property of kolkhozes (Soviet collective farms)—especially the grain they produced—from theft, largely by desperate peasants during the Soviet famine of 1932–33.
Although the plan achieved none of its stated goals, some collective farms surrounded by plantations produced better yields due to improved water storage. [ 4 ] The Soviet government launched a number of extensive projects in land improvement , hydroengineering for water control, irrigation and power, and in supporting areas.