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Causality is the relationship between causes and effects. [1] [2] While causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy and physics, it is operationalized so that causes of an event must be in the past light cone of the event and ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions. Similarly, a cause cannot have an effect ...
Cellier, Elmqvist, and Otter [48] describe causality forming the basis of physics as a misconception, because physics is essentially acausal. In their article they cite a simple example: "The relationship between voltage across and current through an electrical resistor can be described by Ohm's law: V = IR, yet, whether it is the current ...
The idea that the output of a function at any time depends only on past and present values of input is defined by the property commonly referred to as causality. A system that has some dependence on input values from the future (in addition to possible dependence on past or current input values) is termed a non-causal or acausal system , and a ...
The causality violating set is the set of points through which closed causal curves pass. The boundary of the causality violating set is a Cauchy horizon . If the Cauchy horizon is generated by closed null geodesics, then there's a redshift factor associated with each of them.
Causality appears to us to be reasonably objective to determine on the macroscopic scale. (But not on the quantum scale, where random chance prevails.) However, even large-scale physical causality is a somewhat mysterious notion; there is no general theory of causality in physics, and most events in physics are theoretically reversible in time ...
The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one. The first known protoscientific study of cause and effect occurred in Aristotle's Physics. [1] Causal inference is an example of causal reasoning.
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The program of causal sets is based on a theorem [4] by David Malament, extending former results by Christopher Zeeman, [5] and by Stephen Hawking, A. R. King and P. J. McCarthy. [ 6 ] [ 1 ] Malament's theorem states that if there is a bijective map between two past and future distinguishing space times that preserves their causal structure ...