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In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit. [1]Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the complex representation of the current flowing through it. [2]
As the main Miller theorem, besides helping circuit analysis process, the dual version is a powerful tool for designing and understanding circuits based on modifying impedance by additional current. Typical applications are some exotic circuits with negative impedance as load cancellers, [ 6 ] capacitance neutralizers, [ 7 ] Howland current ...
Figure 1: Essential meshes of the planar circuit labeled 1, 2, and 3. R 1, R 2, R 3, 1/sC, and sL represent the impedance of the resistors, capacitor, and inductor values in the s-domain. V s and I s are the values of the voltage source and current source, respectively. Mesh analysis (or the mesh current method) is a circuit analysis method for ...
An impedance analyzer is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure complex electrical impedance as a function of test frequency. Impedance is an important parameter used to characterize electronic components, electronic circuits, and the materials used to make components. Impedance analysis can also be used to characterize materials ...
Conversely, for very low frequencies, the reactance is high, so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis – those frequencies have been "filtered out". Capacitors are different from resistors and inductors in that the impedance is inversely proportional to the defining characteristic; i.e., capacitance .
For example, in order to match an inductive load into a real impedance, a capacitor needs to be used. If the load impedance becomes capacitive, the matching element must be replaced by an inductor. In many cases, there is a need to use the same circuit to match a broad range of load impedance and thus simplify the circuit design.
However, analysis of networks with other impedance elements proceed by the same principles. Two meshes are shown, with numbers in circles. The sum of impedances around each mesh, p, will form the diagonal of the entries of the matrix, Z pp. The impedance of branches shared by two meshes, p and q, will form the entries -Z pq.
Simulation software allows for the modeling of circuit operation and is an invaluable analysis tool. Due to its highly accurate modeling capability, many colleges and universities use this type of software for the teaching of electronics technician and electronics engineering programs.
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