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John C. Norcross is among the psychologists who have simplified the balance sheet to four cells: the pros and cons of changing, for self and for others. [19] Similarly, a number of psychologists have simplified the balance sheet to a four-cell format consisting of the pros and cons of the current behaviour and of a changed behaviour. [20]
Perseverative cognition [1] [2] is a collective term in psychology for continuous thinking about negative events [3] in the past or in the future (e.g. worry, rumination and brooding, but also mind wandering about negative topics [4] [5]).
It is a notion that students must master the lower level skills before they can engage in higher-order thinking. However, the United States National Research Council objected to this line of reasoning, saying that cognitive research challenges that assumption, and that higher-order thinking is important even in elementary school.
Sample flowchart representing a decision process when confronted with a lamp that fails to light. In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options.
A thinking chimpanzee. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking): . Thought is the object of a mental process called thinking, in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world.
In the 1960s, psychologist David McClelland expanded on Murray's work, focusing on the effects of human needs in a work environment. [2] His need theory proposes that most people are consistently motivated by one of three basic desires: the need for affiliation, the need for achievement, or the need for power.
It’s like facing criticism for being the least impactful Nobel Prize winner. Or the bottom of the class at Harvard. Or the slowest runner at the Olympics.
The three problem-focused coping strategies identified by Folkman and Lazarus are: taking control, information seeking, and evaluating the pros and cons. However, problem-focused coping may not be necessarily adaptive, but backfire, especially in the uncontrollable case that one cannot make the problem go away.