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Element Mass in plants Mass in animals Biological uses Carbon 12% 19% Found in carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Hydrogen 10% 10% Found in water, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Nitrogen 1% 4% Found in nucleic acids, proteins, some lipids (e.g. sphingolipids) and some polysaccharides (e.g. chitin) Oxygen 77 ...
At the top level are all alpha proteins (domains consisting of alpha helices), all beta proteins (domains consisting of beta sheets), and mixed alpha helix/beta sheet proteins. While most proteins adopt a single stable fold, a few proteins can rapidly interconvert between one or more folds. These are referred to as metamorphic proteins. [5]
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) [3] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide.
A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...
Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838. [4] [5] Mulder carried out elemental analysis of common proteins and found that nearly all proteins had the same empirical formula, C 400 H 620 N 100 O 120 P 1 S 1. [6]
Gene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene.Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. [1] [2] In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene.
Transitions between these states typically occur on nanoscales, and have been linked to functionally relevant phenomena such as allosteric signaling [12] and enzyme catalysis. [13] Protein dynamics and conformational changes allow proteins to function as nanoscale biological machines within cells, often in the form of multi-protein complexes. [14]
The alpha helix is also commonly called a: Pauling–Corey–Branson α-helix (from the names of three scientists who described its structure); 3.6 13-helix because there are 3.6 amino acids in one ring, with 13 atoms being involved in the ring formed by the hydrogen bond (starting with amidic hydrogen and ending with carbonyl oxygen)