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The Indus Valley script remains undeciphered and there are very little surviving fragments of its writing, thus any inference about scientific discoveries in that region must be made based only on archaeological digs. The following dates are approximations. The Nippur cubit-rod, c. 2650 BCE, in the Archeological Museum of Istanbul, Turkey
The discovery and confirmation of the Cosmic microwave background in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. March 20 – The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established (under an agreement of June 14, 1962).
First space walk/extra-vehicular activity (Alexei Leonov). USSR Voskhod 2: March 1965: First crewed spacecraft to change orbit. USA (NASA) Gemini 3: 14 July 1965: First flyby of Mars (returned pictures). USA (NASA) Mariner 4 [15] 14 July 1965: First photographs of another planet from deep space . USA (NASA) Mariner 4 [15] 15 December 1965
February 13 Max Perutz publishes the structure of hemoglobin. [4]John Kendrew publishes the structure of myoglobin. [5]March 5 – British marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy announces his aquatic ape hypothesis, theorising that swimming and diving for food exerted a strong evolutionary effect partly responsible for the divergence in the common descent of humans and other great apes.
February 8 – After 84 days in space, the last crew of the temporary American space station Skylab return to Earth.; February 13–15 – Sagittarius A*, thought to be the location of a supermassive black hole, is identified by Bruce Balick and Robert Brown using the baseline interferometer of the United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory.
January 5 – Eris, the most massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System, is identified by a team the Palomar Observatory in California from images taken on October 21, 2003 (discovery announced July 29, 2005). February 23 – Astronomers announce the discovery of a galaxy, VIRGOHI21, that consists almost entirely of dark matter. [1]
The 63-year-old was recognised for her services to broadcasting and Stem education.
January 26 – The Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory in California, the largest aperture optical telescope in the world for 28 years, sees first light.; June 14 – Albert II, a rhesus monkey, becomes the first mammal in space, in a U.S.-launched V-2 rocket, reaching an altitude of 83 miles (134 km) but dying on impact after a parachute failure.