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The destructive action of hydroxyl radicals has been implicated in several neurological autoimmune diseases such as HIV-associated dementia, when immune cells become over-activated and toxic to neighboring healthy cells. [4] The hydroxyl radical can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids , lipids (lipid ...
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry , alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups.
On the other hand, normal cells appear to have, under lower basal stress and reserve, a higher capacity to cope with additional ROS-generating insults than cancer cells do. [78] Therefore, the elevation of ROS in all cells can be used to achieve the selective killing of cancer cells. Radiotherapy also relies on ROS toxicity to eradicate tumor ...
[2] [3] One important subset of the monooxygenases, the cytochrome P450 omega hydroxylases, is used by cells to metabolize arachidonic acid (i.e. eicosatetraenoic acid) to the cell signaling molecules, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid or to reduce or totally inactivate the activate signaling molecules for example by hydroxylating leukotriene B4 ...
The omega oxygenases metabolize fatty acids (RH) by adding a hydroxyl (OH) to their terminal (i.e. furthest from the fatty acids' carboxy residue) carbons; in the reaction, the two atoms of molecular oxygen(O 2 [ are reduced to one hydroxyl group and one water (H 2 O molecule) by the concomitant oxidation of NAD(P)H (see monooxygenase).
The “spacing effect” refers to a phenomenon whereby learning, or the creation of a memory, occurs more effectively when information, or exposure to a stimulus, is spaced out.
Glycosylation also plays a role in cell-to-cell adhesion (a mechanism employed by cells of the immune system) via sugar-binding proteins called lectins, which recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. [2] Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. [6]
In chemistry, hydroxylation refers to the installation of a hydroxyl group (−OH) into an organic compound. Hydroxylations generate alcohols and phenols, which are very common functional groups. Hydroxylation confers some degree of water-solubility. Hydroxylation of a hydrocarbon is an oxidation, thus a step in degradation.