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People with insulin-dependent diabetes typically require some base level of insulin (basal insulin), as well as short-acting insulin to cover meals (bolus also known as mealtime or prandial insulin). Maintaining the basal rate and the bolus rate is a continuous balancing act that people with insulin-dependent diabetes must manage each day.
Adenosine is one of the four nucleoside building blocks of RNA (and its derivative deoxyadenosine is a building block of DNA), which are essential for all life on Earth. Its derivatives include the energy carriers adenosine mono-, di-, and triphosphate, also known as AMP/ADP/ATP. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is pervasive in signal ...
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate [2] that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer. [3]
Phosphorylation is essential to the processes of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, which involve the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "high-energy" exchange medium in the cell. During aerobic respiration, ATP is synthesized in the mitochondrion by addition of a third phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in a ...
This is the primary mechanism for release of insulin. Other substances known to stimulate insulin release include the amino acids arginine and leucine, parasympathetic release of acetylcholine (acting via the phospholipase C pathway), sulfonylurea, cholecystokinin (CCK, also via phospholipase C), [57] and the gastrointestinally derived ...
Yellapragada Subbarow [a] (12 January 1895 – 8 August 1948) was an Indian American biochemist who discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source in the cell, [1] developed methotrexate for the treatment of cancer and led the department at Lederle laboratories in which Benjamin Minge Duggar discovered chlortetracycline in 1945.
An adenosine receptor agonist is a drug which acts as an agonist of one or more of the adenosine receptors. Examples include the neurotransmitter adenosine , its phosphates , adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the pharmaceutical drug regadenoson .
P-gp is a 170 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, which includes 10–15 kDa of N-terminal glycosylation.The N-terminal half of the protein contains six transmembrane helixes, followed by a large cytoplasmic domain with an ATP-binding site, and then a second section with six transmembrane helixes and an ATP-binding domain that shows over 65% of amino acid similarity with the first half of the ...