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2. Palatal expansion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_expansion

   Upper and lower jaw functional expanders. A palatal expander is a device in the field of orthodontics which is used to widen the upper jaw (maxilla) [1] so that the bottom and upper teeth will fit together better. [2][3] This is a common orthodontic procedure. The use of an expander is most common in children and adolescents 8–18 years of age.

3. Diastema - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastema

   A diastema (pl.: diastemata, from Greek διάστημα, 'space') is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. More colloquially, the condition may be referred to as gap teeth or tooth gap. In humans, the term is most commonly applied to an open ...

4. Dental extraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_extraction

   Prosthetics; teeth detrimental to the fit or appearance of dentures. [12] Head and neck radiation therapy, to treat and/or manage tumors, may require extraction of teeth, either before or after radiation treatments. Lower cost, compared to other treatments. [13]: 98 Medically unnecessary extraction as a form of physical torture. [14]

5. Gingival recession - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingival_recession

   Gingival recession. Gingival recession, also known as gum recession and receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth. [1] Gum recession is a common problem in adults over the age of 40, but it may also occur starting in adolescence ...

6. Dental restoration - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_restoration

   They can be used in direct restorations to fill in the cavities created by dental caries and trauma, minor buildup for restoring tooth wear (non-carious tooth surface loss) and filling in small gaps between teeth (labial veneer). Dental composites are also used as indirect restoration to make crowns and inlays in the laboratory.

7. Periodontal disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodontal_disease

   Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide. [7][8] In its more serious form, called periodontitis ...