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Carbon-14, C-14, 14 C or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.Its presence in organic matter is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples.
Carbon (6 C) has 14 known isotopes, from 8 C to 20 C as well as 22 C, of which 12 C and 13 C are stable.The longest-lived radioisotope is 14 C, with a half-life of 5.70(3) × 10 3 years. . This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature, as trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reactio
Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-15, and oxygen-16 in the table above. Isobars are nuclides with the same number of nucleons (i.e. mass number) but different numbers of protons and neutrons. Isobars neighbor each other diagonally from lower-left to upper-right. Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-14, and oxygen-14 in the table above.
The ratio of 14 C to 12 C is ~ 1.25 parts 14 C to 10 12 parts 12 C. [16] Also, about 1% of the carbon atoms are of the stable isotope 13 C. [5] The equation for the radioactive decay of 14 C is: [17] 14 6 C → 14 7 N + e − + ν e. By emitting a beta particle (an electron, e −) and an electron antineutrino (ν
Of these, three are naturally occurring. The most common is stable carbon-12, followed by stable carbon-13. [13] Carbon-14 is a natural radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5,730 years. [18] 23 isotopes of silicon have been discovered. Five of these are naturally occurring.
For example, carbon-14, a radioactive nuclide with a half-life of only 5700(30) years, [27] is constantly produced in Earth's upper atmosphere due to interactions between cosmic rays and nitrogen. Nuclides that are produced by radioactive decay are called radiogenic nuclides, whether they themselves are stable or not.
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The calculation of radiocarbon dates determines the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon (also known as carbon-14), a radioactive isotope of carbon. Radiocarbon dating methods produce data based on the ratios of different carbon isotopes in a sample that must then be further manipulated in order to ...