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The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
The history of the Quran, the holy book of Islam, is the timeline ranging from the inception of the Quran during the lifetime of Muhammad (believed to have received the Quran through revelation between 610 and 632 CE [1]), to the emergence, transmission, and canonization of its written copies.
According to tradition, several of Muhammad's companions served as scribes, recording the revelations. Shortly after Muhammad's death, the Quran was compiled on the order of the first caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) by the companions, who had written down or memorized parts of it. Caliph Uthman (r.
According to traditional Islamic scholarship, all of the Quran was written down by Muhammad's companions while he was alive (during CE 610–632 [8]), but it was primarily an orally related document. Following the death of Muhammad the Quran ceased to be revealed, and companions who had memorized the Quran began to die off (particularly after ...
This has been critiqued by some western scholarship, suggesting the Quran was canonized at a later date, based on the dating of classical Islamic narratives, i.e. hadiths, which were written 150–200 years after the death of Muhammad, [4] and partly because of the textual variations present in the Sana'a manuscript.
Muhammad Tahir al-Kurdi says in the History of the Quran: "The Uthmanic Quran refers to the Quran of Uthman ibn Affan which he ordered to be written and collected, they used to call it the Imam Quran, and the reason for this name Imam is Uthman's saying, "O Companions of Muhammad, gather together and write for the people an Imam."
After Muhammad's death, Ali inherited his divine knowledge and his authority to correctly interpret the Quran, especially its allegorical and metaphorical verses (mutashabihat). [ 223 ] [ 224 ] Often cited here is a well-attested hadith, attributed to Muhammad, which reads as, "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate."
The argument that the Sunnah/Muhammad's actions were of divine origin/revelation was based on Quranic verse Quran 53:2–3. "Muhammad does not speak from whim; this is really divine inspiration`" [236] (The opposite point of view — that the Sunnah could not naskh the Quran was based on:)