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In order to deal with this ongoing escapist battle, insects have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms. The only restraint on these adaptations is that their cost, in terms of time and energy, does not exceed the benefit that they provide to the organism. The further that a feature tips the balance towards beneficial, the more likely that ...
Certain species of Lonomia (family Saturniidae) can inject venom that is life-threatening to humans. [6] Stings do not often occur as a defense, but are mainly the result of brushing against the spines. However, many species, whose larvae are armed with these bristles, have evolved to utilize them as a defense mechanism against any perceived ...
Insect adhesives contain a broad spectrum of isoprenoids. These compounds have been found in defense mechanisms in some species such as termites. [4] Amino acids, peptides, and proteins are nearly always found in insects' adhesive secretions. They are employed for adhesion across many functions such as defense, locomotion and cocoon building. [4]
Many arthropods bite or sting in order to immobilize their prey or deter potential predators as a defense mechanism. Stings containing venom are more likely to be painful. Less frequently, venomous spider bites are also associated with morbidity and mortality in humans. Most arthropod stings involve Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees). While ...
The damage caused can be fatal to attacking insects. Some bombardier beetles can direct the spray in a wide range of directions. The beetle's unusual defense mechanism has been claimed by some creationists as something that could not have evolved, although this is refuted by evolutionary biologists. [2]
Most animals that autohaemorrhage are insects, but some reptiles also display this behaviour. [2] Some organisms have shown an ability to tailor their autohaemorrhaging response. Armoured crickets will projectile autohaemorrhage over longer distances when attacked from the side, compared to being attacked from an overhead predator. [3]
Phasmatodea species exhibit mechanisms for defense from predators that prevent an attack from happening in the first place (primary defense), and defenses that are deployed after an attack has been initiated (secondary defense). [14] The defense mechanism most readily identifiable with Phasmatodea is camouflage, in the form of a plant mimicry.
TLRs are a major class of pattern recognition receptor, that exists in all coelomates (animals with a body-cavity), including humans. [35] The complement system exists in most life forms. Some invertebrates, including various insects, crabs, and worms utilize a modified form of the complement response known as the prophenoloxidase (proPO ...