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  2. Negative energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_energy

    According to the theory of the Dirac sea, developed by Paul Dirac in 1930, the vacuum of space is full of negative energy. This theory was developed to explain the anomaly of negative-energy quantum states predicted by the Dirac equation. A year later, after work by Weyl, the negative energy concept was abandoned and replaced by a theory of ...

  3. Quantum tunnelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling

    In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or surmount the barrier.

  4. Zitterbewegung - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitterbewegung

    In quantum mechanics, the zitterbewegung term vanishes on taking expectation values for wave-packets that are made up entirely of positive- (or entirely of negative-) energy waves. The standard relativistic velocity can be recovered by taking a Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation, when the positive and negative components are decoupled. Thus, we ...

  5. Dirac sea - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_sea

    The Dirac sea is a theoretical model of the electron vacuum as an infinite sea of electrons with negative energy, now called positrons. It was first postulated by the British physicist Paul Dirac in 1930 [1] to explain the anomalous negative-energy quantum states predicted by the relativistically-correct Dirac equation for electrons. [2]

  6. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

    To cope with disagreements, the vacuum energy is described as a virtual energy potential of positive and negative energy. [93] In quantum perturbation theory, it is sometimes said that the contribution of one-loop and multi-loop Feynman diagrams to elementary particle propagators are the contribution of vacuum fluctuations, or the zero-point ...

  7. Quantum vacuum state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_vacuum_state

    The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.. If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, or more accurately, the ground state of a measurement ...

  8. Relativistic quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics

    The Dirac equation still predicts negative energy solutions, [6] [24] so Dirac postulated that negative energy states are always occupied, because according to the Pauli principle, electronic transitions from positive to negative energy levels in atoms would be forbidden. See Dirac sea for details.

  9. Dirac hole theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_hole_theory

    Dirac hole theory is a theory in quantum mechanics, named after English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, who introduced it in 1929. [1] The theory poses that the continuum of negative energy states, that are solutions to the Dirac equation, are filled with electrons, and the vacancies in this continuum (holes) are manifested as positrons with energy and momentum that are the negative of those ...