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Pupils at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Pennsylvania, c. 1900. American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture.
Many large Indian boarding schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2007, 9,500 American Indian children lived in an Indian boarding school dormitory. [citation needed] From 1879 when the Carlisle Indian School was founded to the present day, more than 100,000 American Indians are estimated to have attended an Indian boarding school.
As one teaching fellow at the University of Chicago Divinity School put it in a 2022 essay about the rise of these boarding schools, “Cultural assimilation and conversion to Christianity were ...
Boarding schools in Canada worked towards assimilation of Native students. Historians Brian Klopotek and Brenda Child explain, "Education for Indians was not mandatory in Canada until 1920, long after compulsory attendance laws were passed in the United States, although families frequently resisted sending their children to the residential schools.
A closer look at the federal boarding school system: 150 years of forced assimilation. Congress laid the framework for a nationwide boarding school system for Native Americans in 1819 under the 5th U.S. President, James Monroe, with legislation known as the Indian Civilization Act. It was purportedly aimed at stopping the “final extinction of ...
A press release focused on the boarding schools, under the headline: “UN experts alarmed by separation of 1 million Tibetan children from families and forced assimilation at residential schools ...
The forced assimilation policy officially ended with the enactment of the Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978. But the government never fully investigated the boarding school system until the Biden administration. Biden in October apologized on behalf of the U.S. government for the schools and the policies that supported them.
When the focus of boarding schools was the assimilation of Native Americans into American culture, the schools served a clear purpose. However, when the goal in the 1930s became economic self-sufficiency and self-determination, Belker felt that the boarding school had become obsolete. [13]