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The size and number of particles can determine if the liquid is clean enough to be used for the designed application. Liquid particle counters can be used to test the quality of drinking water or cleaning solutions, or the cleanliness of power generation equipment, manufacturing parts, or injectable drugs.
Coulter principle — the transient current drop is proportional to the particle volume The tip of the Coulter counter in a buffer solution, counting cells in solution. A Coulter counter [ 1 ] [ 2 ] is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes .
ISO 11171 is an international standard for calibrating liquid particle counters. As the functionality of hydraulic fluids suffers when contaminated with particles, particle counters are used for contamination control. The particle counter determines the concentration and the size distribution of the particles.
A condensation particle counter or CPC is a particle counter that detects and counts aerosol particles by first enlarging them by using the particles as nucleation centers to create droplets in a supersaturated gas. [2] Three techniques have been used to produce nucleation: Adiabatic expansion using an expansion chamber.
Liquid scintillation counter. Samples are dissolved or suspended in a "cocktail" containing a solvent (historically aromatic organics such as xylene or toluene, but more recently less hazardous solvents are used), typically some form of a surfactant, and "fluors" or scintillators which produce the light measured by the detector.
Fermilab's disused 15-foot (4.57 m) bubble chamber The first tracks observed in John Wood's 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) liquid hydrogen bubble chamber, in 1954.. A bubble chamber is a vessel filled with a superheated transparent liquid (most often liquid hydrogen) used to detect electrically charged particles moving through it.
The bubble chamber similarly reveals the tracks of subatomic particles, but inverts the principle of the cloud chamber to detect them as trails of bubbles in a superheated liquid, usually liquid hydrogen, rather than as trails of drops in a supercritical vapor. Bubble chambers can be made physically larger than cloud chambers, and since they ...
Liquid argon is around one thousand times denser than the gas used in Nygren's TPC design, which increases the likelihood of a particle interacting in a detector by a factor of around one thousand. This feature is particularly useful in neutrino physics, where neutrino– nucleon interaction cross sections are small.
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