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The typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal is with benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. [2] Often the amounts given are based on a person's symptoms. [2] Thiamine is recommended routinely. [2] Electrolyte problems and low blood sugar should also be treated. [2] Early treatment improves outcomes. [2]
Repeated benzodiazepine withdrawal episodes may result in similar neuronal kindling as that seen after repeated withdrawal episodes from alcohol, with resultant increased neuro-excitability. The glutamate system is believed to play an important role in this kindling phenomenon with AMPA receptors which are a subtype of glutamate receptors being ...
Physiological dependence was demonstrated by flumazenil-precipitated withdrawal. [77] Use of alcohol or other CNS depressants while taking clonazepam greatly intensifies the effects, including side effects, of the drug. A recurrence of symptoms of the underlying disease should be separated from withdrawal symptoms. [78]
A protracted withdrawal syndrome can occur with symptoms persisting for months to years after cessation of substance use. Benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol, and any other drug may induce prolonged withdrawal and have similar effects, with symptoms sometimes persisting for years after cessation of use. Psychosis including severe anxiety and ...
A study into the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, on benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms persisting after withdrawal was carried out by Lader and Morton. Study subjects had been benzodiazepine-free for between one month and five years, but all reported persisting withdrawal effects to varying degrees.
The long-term effects of benzodiazepines are very similar to the long-term effects of alcohol consumption (apart from organ toxicity) and other sedative-hypnotics. Withdrawal effects and dependence are not identical. Dependence can be managed, with a medical professional of course, but withdrawal can be fatal.
These effects may become apparent during continued use or may appear as withdrawal symptoms when dosage is reduced or the drug is stopped. [citation needed] ***Equivalent doses are based on clinical experience but may vary between individuals. [34] ****Etizolam is not a true benzodiazepine but has similar chemistry, effects, and abuse potential.
[24]: 275 The benzodiazepines with a longer half-life make detoxification more tolerable, and dangerous (and potentially lethal) alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur. On the other hand, short-acting benzodiazepines may lead to breakthrough seizures , and are, therefore, not recommended for detoxification in an outpatient setting.
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