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  2. Ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice

    Frozen landscape in the Northwest Territories of Canada. A large ice circle can be clearly seen floating on water. The term that collectively describes all of the parts of the Earth's surface where water is in frozen form is the cryosphere. Ice is an important component of the global climate, particularly in regard to the water cycle.

  3. Phases of ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice

    Theoretically, the proton ordering in ice VI was predicted several times; for example, density functional theory calculations predicted the phase transition temperature is 108 K and the most stable ordered structure is antiferroelectric in the space group Cc, while an antiferroelectric P2 1 2 1 2 1 structure were found 4 K per water molecule ...

  4. Clathrate hydrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate

    Methane clathrate block embedded in the sediment of hydrate ridge, off Oregon, USA. Clathrate hydrates, or gas hydrates, clathrates, or hydrates, are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules.

  5. Snowflake - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake

    Once a water droplet has frozen as an ice nucleus, it grows in a supersaturated environment—wherein liquid moisture coexists with ice beyond its equilibrium point at temperatures below freezing. The droplet then grows by deposition of water molecules in the air (vapor) onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected.

  6. Outline of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_water

    Faucet dripping water. Structure of the water molecule (H 2 O) The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to water: Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.

  7. Freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing

    Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to the slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor.

  8. Electromagnetic absorption by water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption...

    The water molecule is an asymmetric top, that is, it has three independent moments of inertia. Rotation about the 2-fold symmetry axis is illustrated at the left. Because of the low symmetry of the molecule, a large number of transitions can be observed in the far infrared region of the spectrum.

  9. Flash freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_freezing

    One can therefore observe a delay until the water adjusts to the new, below-freezing temperature. [8] Supercooled liquid water must become ice at -48 C (-55 F), not just because of the extreme cold, but because the molecular structure of water changes physically to form tetrahedron shapes, with each water molecule loosely bonded to four others. [9]