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  2. Sirtuin 4 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirtuin_4

    SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. [7] A deacetylation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme by SIRT4 represses the enzyme activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver cells.

  3. Glutamate dehydrogenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase

    Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and, as amino acids are broken down by GLDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose levels.

  4. Kynurenine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynurenine

    l-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid l-tryptophan used in the production of niacin. Kynurenine is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase , which is made primarily but not exclusively in the liver, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase , which is made in many tissues in response to immune activation. [ 1 ]

  5. Serine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine

    Serine (symbol Ser or S) [3] [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated − NH +3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO −

  6. β-Methylamino-L-alanine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-methylamino-L-alanine

    β-Methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria. BMAA is a neurotoxin. Its potential role in various neurodegenerative disorders is the subject of scientific research.

  7. Glycophorin A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycophorin_A

    The Dantu antigen has an apparent molecular weight of 29 kilodaltons (kDa) and 99 amino acids. The first 39 amino acids of the Dantu antigen are derived from glycophorin B and residues 40-99 are derived from glycophorin A. Dantu is associated with very weak s antigen, a protease-resistant N antigen and either very weak or no U antigen.

  8. Antifibrinolytic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifibrinolytic

    Antifibrinolytics are a class of medication that are inhibitors of fibrinolysis. [1] Examples include aminocaproic acid (ε-aminocaproic acid) and tranexamic acid.These lysine-like drugs interfere with the formation of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin from its precursor plasminogen by plasminogen activators (primarily t-PA and u-PA) which takes place mainly in lysine rich areas on the surface ...

  9. Chlorotoxin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorotoxin

    Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels. [2] The fact that chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells has allowed the development of methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer.