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SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. [7] A deacetylation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme by SIRT4 represses the enzyme activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver cells.
Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and, as amino acids are broken down by GLDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and regulating blood glucose levels.
l-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid l-tryptophan used in the production of niacin. Kynurenine is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan dioxygenase , which is made primarily but not exclusively in the liver, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase , which is made in many tissues in response to immune activation. [ 1 ]
Serine (symbol Ser or S) [3] [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated − NH +3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO −
β-Methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria. BMAA is a neurotoxin. Its potential role in various neurodegenerative disorders is the subject of scientific research.
The Dantu antigen has an apparent molecular weight of 29 kilodaltons (kDa) and 99 amino acids. The first 39 amino acids of the Dantu antigen are derived from glycophorin B and residues 40-99 are derived from glycophorin A. Dantu is associated with very weak s antigen, a protease-resistant N antigen and either very weak or no U antigen.
Antifibrinolytics are a class of medication that are inhibitors of fibrinolysis. [1] Examples include aminocaproic acid (ε-aminocaproic acid) and tranexamic acid.These lysine-like drugs interfere with the formation of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin from its precursor plasminogen by plasminogen activators (primarily t-PA and u-PA) which takes place mainly in lysine rich areas on the surface ...
Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) which blocks small-conductance chloride channels. [2] The fact that chlorotoxin binds preferentially to glioma cells has allowed the development of methods for the treatment and diagnosis of several types of cancer.