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  2. Ray (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(optics)

    The principal ray or chief ray (sometimes known as the b ray) in an optical system is the meridional ray that starts at an edge of an object and passes through the center of the aperture stop. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] [ 7 ] The distance between the chief ray (or an extension of it for a virtual image) and the optical axis at an image location defines the ...

  3. Geometrical optics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics

    In this image, each maximum amplitude crest is marked with a plane to illustrate the wavefront. The ray is the arrow perpendicular to these parallel surfaces. A light ray is a line or curve that is perpendicular to the light's wavefronts (and is therefore collinear with the wave vector).

  4. Ray tracing (graphics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)

    Image showing recursively generated rays from the "eye" (and through an image plane) to a light source after encountering two diffuse surfaces. To the right is an image showing a simple example of a path of rays recursively generated from the camera (or eye) to the light source using the above algorithm.

  5. Caustic (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(optics)

    Caustics are formed in the regions where sufficient photons strike a surface causing it to be brighter than the average area in the scene. “Backward ray tracing” works in the reverse manner beginning at the surface and determining if there is a direct path to the light source. [7] Some examples of 3D ray-traced caustics can be found here.

  6. Astigmatism (optical systems) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism_(optical_systems)

    The image at the sagittal focus is a short line, oriented in the direction of the tangential plane; images of spokes radiating from the center are sharp at this focus. In between these two foci, a round but "blurry" image is formed. This is called the medial focus or circle of least confusion. This plane often represents the best compromise ...

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  8. Angle of incidence (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)

    The angle of incidence, in geometric optics, is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular (at 90 degree angle) to the surface at the point of incidence, called the normal. The ray can be formed by any waves, such as optical, acoustic, microwave, and X-ray. In the figure below, the line representing a ray makes an ...

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