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Tamoxifen is used for the treatment of both early and advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive or ER+) breast cancer in pre-and postmenopausal women. [24] Tamoxifen increases the risk of postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial polyps, hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer; using tamoxifen with an intrauterine system releasing levonorgestrel ...
Vaginal bleeding or spotting in women after menopause occurs in 90% of endometrial cancer. [2] [13] [14] Bleeding is especially common with adenocarcinoma, occurring in two-thirds of all cases. [2] [10] Abnormal menstrual cycles or extremely long, heavy, or frequent episodes of bleeding in women before menopause may also be a sign of ...
Symptoms of uterine sarcoma include unusual vaginal bleeding or a mass in the vagina. [2] Risk factors for endometrial cancer include obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, taking pills that contain estrogen without progesterone, a history of tamoxifen use, late menopause, and a family history of the condition.
Tamoxifen is a pure antiestrogenic trans-isomer and has differential actions at estrogen target tissues throughout the body. Tamoxifen is selectively antiestrogenic in the breast but estrogen-like in bones and endometrial cancer. [24] Tamoxifen undergo phase I metabolism in the liver by microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
Tamoxifen is also thought to lower the risk of breast cancer in those who have a predisposition or at risk. [9] Tamoxifen may be used in pre and postmenopausal women. [10] Toremifene is a similar SERM drug to tamoxifen, but is less common and only approved for treatment of metastatic cancer. Toremifene is generally prescribed once tamoxifen is ...
Where they occur, symptoms include irregular menstrual bleeding, bleeding between menstrual periods, excessively heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), and vaginal bleeding after menopause. [3] [6] Bleeding from the blood vessels of the polyp contributes to an increase of blood loss during menstruation and blood "spotting" between menstrual ...
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Effects of menopause can include symptoms such as hot flashes , accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness , decreased muscle mass , and ...
Toremifene appears to be safer than tamoxifen. [15] It has a lower risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (e.g., pulmonary embolism), stroke, and cataracts. [15] The lower risk of VTE may be related to the fact tamoxifen decreases levels of the antithrombin III to a significantly greater extent than either 60 or 200 mg/day toremifene. [15]
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