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Insulin is synthesized and secreted in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Once insulin is synthesized, the beta cells are ready to release it in two different phases. As for the first phase, insulin release is triggered rapidly when the blood glucose level is increased.
There are many causes of insulin resistance and the underlying process is still not completely understood. Risk factors for insulin resistance include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history of diabetes, various health conditions, and certain medications. Insulin resistance is considered a component of the metabolic syndrome. There are ...
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.
The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the cross inhibition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates. [1] It is theorized to play a role in explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. [2] [3] It was named for Philip Randle, who described it in 1963. [4]
Insulin resistance, or low insulin sensitivity, happens when cells throughout the body don’t respond properly to the hormone insulin, especially cells in muscles, fat and the liver. Insulin is a ...
For example, 'pathway' can denote a metabolic pathway involving a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions of small molecules, or a signaling pathway involving a set of protein phosphorylation reactions and gene regulation events. Therefore, the term "pathway analysis" has a very broad application.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications.
An estimated 40% of adults in the U.S. between the ages of 18 and 44 have insulin resistance, which is when the body doesn’t respond the way it should to insulin, a hormone the pancreas makes ...