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The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person's body fluid status into low volume, normal volume, or high volume. [4] Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating. [4] Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine. [4]
The low GFR causes a lowered rate of osmole excretion, and an increase in the amount of water reabsorbed; thus, hyponatremia occurs when the amount of water intake exceeds the renal water excretion capacity. [2] Medications, such as thiazides and antidepressants, may exacerbate symptoms of hyponatremia. [2]
More severe hyponatremia (levels less than 120 mEq/L), particularly if it develops rapidly (defined as occurring over less than 48 hours), can cause confusion, seizures and even lead to death ...
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used. [2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Hyponatremia, or low sodium, is the most commonly seen type of electrolyte imbalance. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Treatment of electrolyte imbalance depends on the specific electrolyte involved and whether the levels are too high or too low. [ 3 ]
In severe or acute hypoosmolar hyponatremia, swelling of brain cells causes various neurological abnormalities, which in severe or acute cases can result in convulsions, coma, and death. The symptoms of chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis are more vague, and may include cognitive impairment , gait abnormalities , or osteoporosis .
Non-psychogenic – another non-psychological cause, including idiopathic (unknown cause) The terms primary polydipsia and psychogenic polydipsia are sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably – to be considered psychogenic, the patient needs to have some other psychiatric symptoms, such as delusions involving fluid intake or other unusual ...
What causes blisters? BLISTERS FORM UNDER the epidermis (the skin’s top layer) as a sac filled with clear liquid or blood, according to the Cleveland Clinic. There are a few types of blisters.