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The triple tendon transfer (T3 transfer) was described by Elhassan et al. at the Mayo Clinic in 2015, and since 2010 no other technique for intractable trapezius palsy has been used there. [8] Like the original and modified Eden–Lange procedures, the levator scapulae is transferred to the scapular spine.
Tension myositis syndrome (TMS), also known as tension myoneural syndrome or mindbody syndrome, is a name given by John E. Sarno to what he claimed was a condition of psychogenic musculoskeletal and nerve symptoms, most notably back pain.
There are several options of treatment when iatrogenic (i.e., caused by the surgeon) spinal accessory nerve damage is noted during surgery. For example, during a functional neck dissection that injures the spinal accessory nerve, injury prompts the surgeon to cautiously preserve branches of C2, C3, and C4 spinal nerves that provide supplemental innervation to the trapezius muscle. [3]
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is tested by asking the patient to turn their head to the left or right against resistance. [8] One-sided weakness of the trapezius may indicate injury to the nerve on the same side of an injury to the spinal accessory nerve on the same side (Latin: ipsilateral) of the body being assessed. [8]
Torticollis can be caused by damage to the trochlear nerve (fourth cranial nerve), which supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye. The superior oblique muscle is involved in depression, abduction, and intorsion of the eye. When the trochlear nerve is damaged, the eye is extorted because the superior oblique is not functioning.
The second category is the lateral winging which is caused by injury of the spinal accessory nerve. Severe atrophy of the trapezius is seen with accidental damage to the spinal accessory nerve during lymph node biopsy of the neck. There are numerous ways in which the long thoracic nerve can sustain trauma-induced injury.
Muscle strength deficits in the lower trapezius muscles are also a common clinical finding in patients with rounded shoulders as it has been speculated to restrict zygapophyseal extension in the middle to lower thoracic spine. [36] Therefore, RSP treatment often targets the symptoms or root causes associated with these problem areas.
The cause is believed to be muscle tension or spasms within the affected musculature. [1] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms and possible sleep studies. [1] Treatment may include pain medication, physical therapy, mouth guards, and occasionally benzodiazepine. [1] It is a relatively common cause of temporomandibular pain. [1]
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