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  2. Electro-optic modulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optic_modulator

    An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is an optical device in which a signal-controlled element exhibiting an electro-optic effect is used to modulate a beam of light. The modulation may be imposed on the phase , frequency , amplitude , or polarization of the beam.

  3. Coherent optical module - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_optical_module

    Some coherent optical modules can fall back to older, simpler modulation techniques such as on-off keying (NRZ) and/or Pulse-amplitude modulation with 4 levels (PAM-4) when appropriate. This is used, for example, when it is discovered that the module on the other end of the link does not support coherent modulation.

  4. Optical modulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_modulator

    An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of light. The beam may be carried over free space, or propagated through an optical waveguide ( optical fibre ). Depending on the parameter of a light beam which is manipulated, modulators may be categorized into amplitude modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators, etc.

  5. Electro-absorption modulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-absorption_modulator

    An electro-absorption modulator (EAM) is a semiconductor device which can be used for modulating the intensity of a laser beam via an electric voltage. Its principle of operation is based on the Franz–Keldysh effect, i.e., a change in the absorption spectrum caused by an applied electric field, which changes the bandgap energy (thus the photon energy of an absorption edge) but usually does ...

  6. Extinction ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_ratio

    Eye diagram showing an example of two power levels in an OOK modulation scheme, which can be used to calculate extinction ratio. P 1 and P 0 are represented by (binary 1) and (binary 0) respectively. In telecommunications, extinction ratio (r e) is the ratio of two optical power levels of a digital signal generated by an optical source, e.g., a ...

  7. Eye pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_pattern

    In telecommunications, an eye pattern, also known as an eye diagram, is an oscilloscope display in which a digital signal from a receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input (y-axis), while the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep (x-axis). It is so called because, for several types of coding, the pattern ...

  8. What is Rob Manfred's 'golden at-bat' idea, and how would it ...

    www.aol.com/sports/rob-manfreds-golden-bat-idea...

    The idea is simple. Once a game, a manager gets to put his best batter at the plate regardless of where the batting order stands. So imagine, as a pitcher facing the Dodgers, you get Shohei Ohtani ...

  9. Acousto-optic modulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousto-optic_modulator

    An acousto-optic modulator (AOM), also called a Bragg cell or an acousto-optic deflector (AOD), uses the acousto-optic effect to diffract and shift the frequency of light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency). They are used in lasers for Q-switching, telecommunications for signal modulation, and in spectroscopy for frequency