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Yet another drug that can induce parkinsonism is the antihistaminic medication cinnarizine, usually prescribed for motion sickness; this is because besides antagonizing histamine receptors this drug antagonizes the dopamine D2 receptors. [37] The incidence of drug-induced parkinsonism increases with age.
Pseudoparkinsonism: drug-induced parkinsonism (rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, masked facies, shuffling gait, stooped posture, sialorrhoea, and seborrhoea; greater risk in the elderly). [2] Although Parkinson's disease is primarily a disease of the nigrostriatal pathway and not the extrapyramidal system, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ...
[9] [10] These four symptoms are not exclusive to Parkinson's and can occur in many other conditions, [11] [12] including HIV infection and recreational drug use. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Neurodegenerative diseases that feature parkinsonism but have distinct differences are grouped under the umbrella of Parkinson-plus syndromes or, alternatively, atypical ...
Cinnarizine's antagonistic effects of D2 dopamine receptors in the striatum leads to symptoms of depression, tremor, muscle rigidity, tardive dyskinesia, and akathisia. 17 of 100 new parkinsonism cases are linked to administration of either cinnarizine or flunarizine. [5] Drug induced parkinsonism is the second leading cause of parkinsonism. [22]
In the management of Parkinson's disease, due to the chronic nature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a broad-based program is needed that includes patient and family education, support-group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition. At present, no cure for the disease is known, but medications or surgery can provide relief ...
MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is an organic compound.It is classified as a tetrahydropyridine.It is of interest as a precursor to the monoaminergic neurotoxin MPP +, which causes permanent symptoms of Parkinson's disease by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain.
Procyclidine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It improves tremor but not rigidity or bradykinesia . Procyclidine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia (but not tardive dyskinesia ), a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.
Biperiden, sold under the brand name Akineton among others, is a medication used to treat Parkinson disease, certain drug-induced movement disorders [2] and Tourette Syndrome [citation needed]. It is not recommended for tardive dyskinesias. [3] It is taken by mouth, injection into a vein, or muscle. [2] [3]