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Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science and software engineering, especially within the object-oriented programming paradigm. [3] Examples of this include: the usage of abstract data types to separate usage from working representations of data within programs; [4]
Object-oriented languages extend the notion of type to incorporate data abstraction, highlighting the significance of restricting access to internal data through methods. [46] Eric S. Raymond has written that object-oriented programming languages tend to encourage thickly layered programs that destroy transparency. [ 47 ]
The foundation of class-based object-oriented programming. Interface: A group of related methods with empty bodies, used to define methods that can be applied to different data types. Widely used in object-oriented programming for abstraction and multiple inheritance. Module
All object-oriented programming (OOP) systems support encapsulation, [2] [3] but encapsulation is not unique to OOP. Implementations of abstract data types, modules, and libraries also offer encapsulation. The similarity has been explained by programming language theorists in terms of existential types. [4]
This makes it possible to change the implementation without affecting the clients. If the implementation is exposed, it is known instead as a transparent data type. Modern object-oriented languages, such as C++ and Java, support a form of abstract data types. When a class is used as a type, it is an abstract type that refers to a hidden ...
The abstraction principle is mentioned in several books. Some of these, together with the formulation if it is succinct, are listed below. Alfred John Cole, Ronald Morrison (1982) An introduction to programming with S-algol: "[Abstraction] when applied to language design is to define all the semantically meaningful syntactic categories in the language and allow an abstraction over them".
[3]: 273 However, in strongly-typed object-oriented programming languages it may be somewhat complicated for a developer to write reusable homogeneous containers. Because of differences in element types this results in a tedious process of writing and keeping a collection of containers for every elemental type.
Put another way, an object represents an individual, identifiable item, unit, or entity, either real or abstract, with a well-defined role in the problem domain. [1]: 76 A programming language can be classified based on its support for objects.