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In many places of Asia and Africa, hepatitis B has become endemic. [24] In addition, a person is sometimes infected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, and this population (about 2.7 million) accounts for about 1% of the total HBV infections.
Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent, as Lesotho, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported a case on 13 May 2020. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited. [ 39 ]
Causes of variation in true CFRs between countries, include variations in age and overall health of the population, medical care, and classification of deaths. [ 6 ] Excess mortality statistics provide a more reliable estimate of all COVID-19-related mortality during the pandemic, though they include both "direct COVID-19 and indirect, non ...
Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate).It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease.
Many preventive measures have been implemented by different countries in Africa. These include travel restrictions, flight cancellations, event cancellations, [12] school closures, and border closures. [13] It is believed that there is widespread under-reporting in many African countries with less developed healthcare systems. [14]
There have been reported 7,079,582 [4] (updated 9 January 2025) confirmed COVID-induced deaths worldwide. As of January 2023, taking into account likely COVID induced deaths via excess deaths , the 95% confidence interval suggests the pandemic to have caused between 19.1 and 36 million deaths.
For instance, many inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa are affected by recurring attacks of malaria throughout their lives. [23] In many areas of Africa, there is limited running water. The residents' use of wells and cisterns provides many sites for the breeding of mosquitoes and spread of the disease.
It is believed that there is widespread under-reporting in many African countries with less developed healthcare systems. [9] New strains of the virus were found in December 2020 in South Africa and Nigeria, in addition to the Lineage B.1.1.7 variant reported in the United Kingdom in September. [10]