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Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the Achaean League. Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the ...
Parchment is also extremely affected by its environment and changes in humidity, which can cause buckling. Books with parchment pages were bound with strong wooden boards and clamped tightly shut by metal (often brass) clasps or leather straps; [20] this acted to keep the pages pressed flat despite humidity changes. Such metal fittings ...
By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe, where it replaced animal-skin-based parchment and wood panels. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills using waterwheels in Spain. Later improvements to the papermaking process came in 19th century Europe with the invention of wood-based papers.
Parchment paper, also known as baking paper, is a cellulose-based paper whose material has been processed so as to obtain additional properties such as non-stickiness, grease resistance, resistance to humidity and heat resistance.
Writing seems to have become more widespread with the invention of papyrus in Egypt. Parchment, using sheepskins left after the wool was removed for cloth, was sometimes cheaper than papyrus, which had to be imported from outside of Egypt. To save money on expensive papyrus, Egyptians would wash off and reuse it.
A scroll (from the Old French escroe or escroue) is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing. [1] The history of scrolls dates back to ancient Egypt. In most ancient literate cultures scrolls were the earliest format for longer documents written in ink or paint on a flexible background, preceding bound books ; [ 2 ] rigid media ...
Quill and a parchment A quill is a writing tool made from a moulted flight feather (preferably a primary wing-feather) of a large bird . Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen /metal- nibbed pen, the fountain pen , and, eventually, the ballpoint pen .
Patent No. 2392, "Extracting Ink from Paper and Converting such Paper into Pulp", April 28, 1800; Patent No. 2481, "Specifications of the Patent Granted to Matthias Koops - for Manufacturing Paper from Straw, Hay, Thistles, Waste and Refuse of Hemp and Flax, and Different Kinds of Wood and Bark, Fit for Printing", February 17, 1801