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Cybernetics has been defined in a variety of ways, reflecting "the richness of its conceptual base." [11] One of the best known definitions is that of the American scientist Norbert Wiener, who characterised cybernetics as concerned with "control and communication in the animal and the machine."
Glushkov (seated first on the right) at the Computing Center of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. The primary architect of OGAS was Viktor Glushkov.A previous proposal for a national computer network to improve central planning, Anatoly Kitov's Economic Automated Management System, had been rejected in 1959 because of concerns in the military that they would be required to share information ...
Cybernetic art; Cybernetic Serendipity; Cybernetical physics; Cyberneticist; Cybernetics and Systems; Cybernetics in the Soviet Union; Cybernetics Society; Cybernetics—in the Service of Communism; Cybertext; Cyborg; Cyborg antenna; Cyborg anthropology; Cyborg data mining; Cyborg Foundation; Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics took shape during the late 1960s and mid 1970s. The 1967 keynote address to the inaugural meeting of the American Society for Cybernetics (ASC) by Margaret Mead, who had been a participant at the Macy Conferences, is a defining moment in its development.
(He employed the archaic-sounding phrase "computing machine", because at the time of writing the word "computer" referred to a person who is employed to perform routine calculations). He then discussed the concept of 'redundancy' in the sense of having two or three computing mechanisms operating simultaneously on the same problem, so that ...
The importance of phase locking or the "attraction of frequencies", as he called it, is discussed in the 2nd edition of his "Cybernetics". [14] Drexler sees self-replication (copying) as a key step in nano and universal assembly. [15] In later work he seeks to lessen this constraint. [16]
Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be done by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or giving an explanation of how the program will be executed on a certain platform , thereby creating a model of computation .
The entailment structure is composed of a series of nodes and arrows representing a series of topic relations and the derivations of such topic relations. For example: In the above illustration, let T P Q ∈ { R i } {\displaystyle TPQ\in \{R_{i}\}} , such that there are topic relations that are members of a set of topic relations.