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The United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction or BBNJ Agreement, also referred to by some stakeholders as the High Seas Treaty or Global Ocean Treaty, [29] is a legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. [30]
Mare Liberum (1609) by Hugo Grotius is one of the earliest works on law of the sea. Law of the sea (or ocean law) is a body of international law governing the rights and duties of states in maritime environments. [1] It concerns matters such as navigational rights, sea mineral claims, and coastal waters jurisdiction.
UNCLOS, also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans; it establishes guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. To date, 168 countries and the European Union have joined the Convention.
A marginal sea is a division of an ocean, partially enclosed by islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas, adjacent to or widely open to the open ocean at the surface, and/or bounded by submarine ridges on the sea floor. [7] The World Ocean. For example, the Law of the Sea states that all of the World Ocean is "sea", [8] [9] [10] [b] and this is ...
The ocean's ailments are approaching a boiling point. Coral is bleaching, kelp is disappearing, surface water temperature has hit hot-tub levels. The ocean's ailments are approaching a boiling point.
The high seas make up 50% of the surface area of the planet and cover over two-thirds of the ocean. [5] Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of the flag state (if there is one); [6] however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as piracy, [7] any nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine ...
Features, limits and zones. A maritime boundary is a conceptual division of Earth's water surface areas using physiographical or geopolitical criteria. As such, it usually bounds areas of exclusive national rights over mineral and biological resources, [1] encompassing maritime features, limits and zones. [2]
The borders of the oceans are the limits of Earth's oceanic waters.The definition and number of oceans can vary depending on the adopted criteria. The principal divisions (in descending order of area) of the five oceans are the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern (Antarctic) Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.