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This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference. The terms upstream and downstream are sometimes also applied to a polypeptide sequence, where upstream refers to a region N-terminal and downstream to residues C-terminal of a reference point.
In eukaryotes, the TATA box is located 25 base pairs upstream of the start site that Rpb4/Rbp7 use to initiate transcription. In metazoans, the TATA box is located 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. [5] While in yeast, S. cerevisiae, the TATA box has a variable position which can range from 40 to 100 bp upstream of the ...
The relative positions of structures along strands of nucleic acid, including genes and various protein binding sites, are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5′-end) or downstream (towards the 3′-end). (See also upstream and downstream.) Directionality is related to, but different from, sense.
Eukaryotic genes have acquired extensive regulatory sequences that encompass a large number of regulator-binding sites and spread overall kilobases (sometimes hundreds of kilobases) from the promoter–-both upstream and downstream. [1] The regulator binding sites are often clustered together into units called enhancers.
Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1] Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different factors affect which ligands bind to which receptors and the downstream cellular response that they initiate.
Alterations in translation of mRNA into proteins rapidly modulates the proteome without changing upstream steps such as transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, and nuclear export. [1] The strict regulation of translation in both space and time is in part governed by cis-regulatory elements located in 5′ mRNA transcript leaders (TLs) and 3 ...
Upstream and downstream (DNA), determining relative positions on DNA; Upstream and downstream (transduction) determining temporal and mechanistic order of cellular and molecular events of signal transduction
Another form of translational regulation in eukaryotes comes from unique elements on the 5′ UTR called upstream open reading frames (uORF). These elements are fairly common, occurring in 35–49% of all human genes. [17] A uORF is a coding sequence located in the 5′ UTR located upstream of the coding sequences initiation site.
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