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  2. Coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_system

    In the cylindrical coordinate system, a z-coordinate with the same meaning as in Cartesian coordinates is added to the r and θ polar coordinates giving a triple (r, θ, z). [8] Spherical coordinates take this a step further by converting the pair of cylindrical coordinates ( r , z ) to polar coordinates ( ρ , φ ) giving a triple ( ρ , θ ...

  3. Cartesian coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system

    A Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system [8]) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both, thus turning ...

  4. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    Coordinates were specified by the distance from the pole and the angle from the polar axis. Bernoulli's work extended to finding the radius of curvature of curves expressed in these coordinates. The actual term polar coordinates has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana and was used by 18th-century Italian

  5. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical polar coordinates. The plane passing through the origin and perpendicular to the polar axis (where the polar angle is a right angle ) is called the reference plane (sometimes fundamental plane ).

  6. Curvilinear coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_coordinates

    A Cartesian coordinate surface in this space is a coordinate plane; for example z = 0 defines the x-y plane. In the same space, the coordinate surface r = 1 in spherical coordinates is the surface of a unit sphere, which is curved. The formalism of curvilinear coordinates provides a unified and general description of the standard coordinate ...

  7. Abscissa and ordinate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscissa_and_ordinate

    Cartesian plane with marked points (signed ordered pairs of coordinates). For any point, the abscissa is the first value (x coordinate), and the ordinate is the second value (y coordinate). In mathematics , the abscissa ( / æ b ˈ s ɪ s . ə / ; plural abscissae or abscissas ) and the ordinate are respectively the first and second coordinate ...

  8. Shoelace formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoelace_formula

    Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]

  9. Euclidean plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane

    A Euclidean plane with a chosen Cartesian coordinate system is called a Cartesian plane. The set R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} of the ordered pairs of real numbers (the real coordinate plane ), equipped with the dot product , is often called the Euclidean plane or standard Euclidean plane , since every Euclidean plane is isomorphic to it.

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