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  2. Marzēaḥ - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzēaḥ

    Epigraphic evidence of the marzēaḥ were found in several Northwest Semitic cultures. The earliest known appearance of the marzēaḥ is at the ancient Syrian city Ebla, [4] written mar-za-u 9, in a text that records a sheep brought to what seems to be a feast. [10] [11]

  3. Byzantine priority theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_priority_theory

    The Majority Text theory has been criticized by major textual critics such as Bart D. Ehrman and Daniel B. Wallace. [8] According to Ehrman, its advocates often have theological presuppositions which lead them to argue for a specific preserved text-type and the Byzantine text did not become the majority of the manuscripts until the 9th century ...

  4. Critical apparatus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_apparatus

    A critical apparatus (Latin: apparatus criticus) in textual criticism of primary source material, is an organized system of notations to represent, in a single text, the complex history of that text in a concise form useful to diligent readers and scholars. The apparatus typically includes footnotes, standardized abbreviations for the source ...

  5. Textual criticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism

    Textual criticism has been practiced for over two thousand years, as one of the philological arts. [4] Early textual critics, especially the librarians of Hellenistic Alexandria in the last two centuries BC, were concerned with preserving the works of antiquity, and this continued through the Middle Ages into the early modern period and the invention of the printing press.

  6. An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Historical_Account_of...

    The account claimed to review the textual evidence available [2] from ancient sources on two disputed Bible passages: 1 John 5:7 and 1 Timothy 3:16. Newton describes this letter as "an account of what the reading has been in all ages, and what steps it has been changed, as far as I can hitherto determine by records", [ 3 ] and "a criticism ...

  7. Cohesion (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohesion_(linguistics)

    Lexical cohesion refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text. There are two forms: repetition and collocation. Repetition uses the same word, or synonyms, antonyms, etc. For example, "Which dress are you going to wear?" – "I will wear my green frock," uses the synonyms "dress" and "frock" for lexical cohesion.

  8. Converse (semantics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(semantics)

    In linguistics, converses or relational antonyms are pairs of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view, such as parent/child or borrow/lend. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The relationship between such words is called a converse relation . [ 2 ]

  9. Close reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_reading

    In literary criticism, close reading is the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of a text. A close reading emphasizes the single and the particular over the general, via close attention to individual words, the syntax, the order in which the sentences unfold ideas, as well as formal structures.