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The uptake of LDL-C alone does not cause foam cell formation; however, the co-internalization of LDL-C with modified LDL in macrophages can result in foam cell development. Modified LDL affects the intracellular trafficking and metabolism of native LDL, such that not all LDL need to be modified for foam cell formation when LDL levels are high. [13]
Processes similar to continuous foam separation have been commonly used for decades. Protein skimmers are one example of foam separation used in saltwater aquariums. The earliest documents pertaining to foam separation is dated back to 1959, when Robert Schnepf and Elmer Gaden, Jr. studied the effects of pH and concentration on the separation of bovine serum albumin from solution. [2]
Theories regarding foam formation, structure, and properties—in physics and physical chemistry—differ somewhat between liquid and solid foams in that the former are dynamic (e.g., in their being "continuously deformed"), as a result of gas diffusing between cells, liquid draining from the foam into a bulk liquid, etc. [1]: 1–2 Theories ...
Foam fractionation is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecules are preferentially separated from a liquid solution using rising columns of foam. It is commonly used, albeit on a small scale, for the removal of organic waste from aquariums ; these units are known as " protein skimmers ".
Foam separation is a chemical process which falls into a category of separation techniques called "Adsorptive bubble separation methods". [1] It is further divided into froth flotation and foam fractionation. Foam separation is essential in order to prevent contamination of fermentation medium through the foam by external microbes.
A foaming agent is a material such as a surfactant or a blowing agent that facilitates the formation of foam.A surfactant, when present in small amounts, reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal stability by inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. [1]
The foam structure before solidification is an inherently unstable one, as the voids present greatly increase the surface free energy of the structure. [12] [20] In some synthetic biofoams, a surfactant can be used in order to lower the surface free energy of the foam and therefore stabilize the foam. In some natural biofoams, proteins can act ...
Syntactic foam, shown by scanning electron microscopy, consisting of glass microspheres within a matrix of epoxy resin.. Syntactic foams are composite materials synthesized by filling a metal, polymer, [1] cementitious or ceramic matrix with hollow spheres called microballoons [2] or cenospheres or non-hollow spheres (e.g. perlite) as aggregates.