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  2. Chemical bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond

    A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds, or some combination of these effects.

  3. Crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

    Substances such as fats, lipids and wax form molecular bonds because the large molecules do not pack as tightly as atomic bonds. This leads to crystals that are much softer and more easily pulled apart or broken. Common examples include chocolates, candles, or viruses. Water ice and dry ice are examples of other materials with molecular bonding ...

  4. Ionic bonding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bonding

    Bond energy is the mean amount of energy required to break the bond in the gaseous state. Most ionic compounds exist in the form of a crystal structure, in which the ions occupy the corners of the crystal. Such a structure is called a crystal lattice.

  5. Crystal structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure

    In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. [1] Ordered structures occur from intrinsic nature of constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter.

  6. Molecular solid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_solid

    One form of an element may be a molecular solid, but another form of that same element may not be a molecular solid. [3] [4] [5] For example, solid phosphorus can crystallize as different allotropes called "white", "red", and "black" phosphorus. White phosphorus forms molecular crystals composed of tetrahedral P 4 molecules. [32]

  7. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter-coated with platinum at cryo-temperatures for imaging. The crystallization process appears to violate the second principle of thermodynamics. Whereas most processes that yield more orderly results are achieved by applying heat, crystals usually form at lower temperatures – especially by ...

  8. Network covalent bonding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_covalent_bonding

    Solid-phase electrical conductivity: Variable, [6] depending on the nature of the bonding: network solids in which all electrons are used for sigma bonds (e.g. diamond, quartz) are poor conductors, as there are no delocalized electrons. However, network solids with delocalized pi bonds (e.g. graphite) or dopants can exhibit metal-like conductivity.

  9. Ionic crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_crystal

    In chemistry, an ionic crystal is a crystalline form of an ionic compound. They are solids consisting of ions bound together by their electrostatic attraction into a regular lattice . Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides , including potassium fluoride (KF), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium bromide (KBr), potassium iodide (KI ...