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Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles via quantum mechanical effects. They are a central topic in nanotechnology and materials science.
For quantum dots to be solubilized in water, the amphiphilic ligands must be on the surface of quantum dots. DNA can be used as a solubilization ligand due to its amphiphilic nature. [1] This allows quantum dots functionalized with DNA to be used in the aqueous conditions often found in biology and medical research.
Quantum biology is the study of applications of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to aspects of biology that cannot be accurately described by the classical laws of physics. [1] An understanding of fundamental quantum interactions is important because they determine the properties of the next level of organization in biological systems.
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Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are graphene nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm. [1] Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable photoluminescence , chemical stability and pronounced quantum confinement effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.
For quantum dots, prolonged single-molecule microscopy showed that 20-90% of all particles never emit fluorescence. [5] On the other hand, conjugated polymer nanoparticles (Pdots) show almost no dark fraction in their fluorescence. [6] Fluorescent proteins can have a dark fraction from protein misfolding or defective chromophore formation. [7]
Silicon quantum dots are metal-free biologically compatible quantum dots with photoluminescence emission maxima that are tunable through the visible to near-infrared spectral regions. These quantum dots have unique properties arising from their indirect band gap , including long-lived luminescent excited-states and large Stokes shifts .
Bound states in the forbidden zone, where there are no finite solutions at infinity, are widely known (atoms, quantum dots, defects in semiconductors). For solutions in a continuum that are associated with this continuum, resonant states [1] are known, which decay (lose energy) over time. They can be excited, for example, by an incident wave ...
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